Jedną z centralnych kwestii dotyczących problemu wolnej woli stanowi zagadnienie moralnej odpowiedzialności. Na ogół utrzymuje się, iż ma ono najdalej idące konsekwencje dla życia społecznego oraz prawa. Jak jednak argumentuje Galen Strawson, nie można odpowiadać moralnie za własne działania. Argument przebiega następująco: dana osoba podejmuje decyzję w oparciu o swój charakter, osobowość lub inne czynniki umysłowe. Z drugiej strony, za czynniki te nie można ponosić odpowiedzialności, wydaje się bowiem oczywiste, że są one powodowane innymi czynnikami, takimi jak wychowanie czy (...) geny, za które nie jesteśmy odpowiedzialni. Jedynym wyjściem byłoby bycie causa sui, tj. bycie przyczyną samego siebie. Jednakże zgodnie z rozpowszechnioną opinią nic nie może być causa sui. W takim wypadku odpowiedzialność moralna jest niemożliwa. (shrink)

W najogólniejszym sformułowaniu panpsychizm to pogląd, który głosi, że wszystko jest umysłem lub świadomością. Mimo że stanowisko to ma długą tradycję i staje się coraz popularniejsze we współczesnej debacie, wciąż ma ono wielu przeciwników. Celem tego artykułu jest dowiedzenie, że panpsychizm stanowi najlepsze metafizyczne wyjaśnienie natury tego, co stanowi ostateczne tworzywo rzeczywistości. Jest to zarazem odmiana fizykalizmu, zgodnie z którą doświadczenie jest budulcem wszystkich konkretnie istniejących przedmiotów.

Mu‘tezilî düşünür Amr b. Bahr el-Câhız’ın (ö. 255/869) tercüme faaliyetleri sonucu Antikite (Antik Çağ) Yunanca metinlerden yaptığı aktarımlar canlılar hakkındaki fikirlerini etkilemiştir. Böylece Yunan zoolojisinde ortaya koyulan görüşlere Kitâbü’l-Hayevân eserinde geniş bir şekilde yer vermiştir. Ayrıca diğer eserlerinde az da olsa Yunan düşünürlerin hayvanlar hakkındaki görüşleri mevcuttur. Ancak Yunan zoolojisinden tevarüs eden birikimin Câhız’ın Kitâbü’l-Hayevân eseri olmak üzere hangi bağlamda ve ne düzeyde alımlandığı tam olarak bilinmemektedir. Alımlanan bilgilerin Câhız’ı ne kadar etkilediği ve doğrudan mı yoksa kendi ilmî birikiminin süzgecinden (...) geçirerek mi? Aktardığı net olarak ortaya koyulmamıştır. Buradan hareketle bu çalışmada, Câhız’ın hayvanlar hakkındaki görüşleri temel alınarak Yunan zoolojisinden etki düzeyi ortaya koyulmaya çalışılacaktır. Böylece Câhız’ın “Sâhibu’l-Mantık” lakabıyla bahsettiği Aristoteles (mö. 384-322) başta olmak üzere Galen (ö. 200?) ve Polemon (Aflimun) (ö. 314) gibi Yunan düşünürlerden hangi noktalarda aktarımlar yaptığı üzerinde durulacaktır. Bu bağlamda Câhız’ın Kitâbü’l-Hayevan eseri başta olmak üzere diğer eserlerinde geçen Yunan zoolojisine dair ifadeler açığa çıkarılacaktır. Fakat özellikle Aristoteles’ten yaptığı aktarımlar oldukça fazla olduğundan dolayı Câhız’ın tam olarak anlayamadığı, araştırdığı, doğrudan etkilendiği ve test ettiği bilgiler üzerinde analiz yapılacaktır. Çalışma sonucunda Câhız’ın alımladığı bilgileri bazen doğrudan bazen doğruluğunu araştırarak hatta deney ve gözleme başvurarak aktardığı anlaşılacaktır. (shrink)

Pojęcie eutanazji ma w kręgu kultury europejskiej nie tylko znaczenie historyczne. Odnosząc się do historii, filozofii, medycyny, etyki czy literatury, nabrało ono także charakteru instytucjonalnego w okresie Trzeciej Rzeszy, kiedy eutanazja stała się elementem walki z najsłabszymi członkami społeczeństwa. Na przykładzie analizy kazania biskupa niemieckiego Cicmensa Augusta Grafa von Galena z 3 sierpnia 1941 r. ukazany został sprzeciw Kościoła katolickiego w Trzeciej Rzeszy w okresie tzw. Kirchenkampf. Analiza kontekstualna miała na celu ukazanie elementów charakterystycznych języka i argumentacji, którymi posługiwał się (...) Clemens August. (shrink)

Świadomość, wolna wola i jaźń to kanoniczne zagadnienia filozoficzne od setek lat frapujące kolejne pokolenia uczonych. Podjął je również współczesny brytyjski filozof analityczny Galen John Strawson (ur. 1952), który w trakcie czterdziestoletniej kariery poświęcił tym tematom liczne książki i artykuły. Jego myśl wyróżnia się odwagą, z jaką broni niepopularnych w nurcie filozofii anglosaskiej poglądów, takich jak panpsychizm, koncepcja pojęciowej sprzeczności moralnej odpowiedzialności czy teoria krótkotrwałych jaźni. Choć pomysły te wzbudzają wiele głosów polemicznych, mają coraz większe znaczenie w najnowszych debatach. (...) Celem książki jest krytyczne przedstawienie poglądów Strawsona odnoszących się do tytułowych kwestii. Monografia zarysowuje zarazem szerszy kontekst historycznych i współczesnych dyskusji. Nie jest ona zatem wyłącznie streszczeniem idei Brytyjczyka, ale także próbą wskazania ich miejsca we współczesnych sporach, a ponadto – odpowiedzi na pytanie, jaką rolę odgrywa filozofia Strawsona w analitycznej metafizyce. (shrink)

The issue of humoral temperament (mizāj) is mainly a subject of the field of medicine, but it has also been a subject of psychology, philosophy and moral philosophy during time. As the issue is ontologically related to the human nature, it has been dealt from many different perspectives. Within these disciplines, it has been expanded and developed during the historical process. It holds a wide range of literature as it is a rooted and ancient subject analysed within different disciplines. Stretching (...) out to the time of ancient Egypt, this theory was developed in the field of medicine by Hippocrates and by Galen in biology and it was a subject of some of the works of many Muslim scholars, first and foremost Jāḥiẓ, The issue of mizāj, first of all was explained by the theory of four composition (blood, mucus, yellow bile and black bile) Whether the amount of these liquids change within the body has always been an issue of debate according to the conditions of time and the place. Jāḥiẓ, impressed by the views of Galen, has no distinct piece of work on the issue of mizāj. However, he had put forward his views on the changes of the mizāj in some of his works but as he had unarranged writing style, he did not deal with these issues systematically. In this article, we have aimed at systematizing his views, determined in some of his own works and the studies on them, in two stages. What we mean by the change in mizāj is the point of disappearing of the ill temper and bringing good nature instead. Jāḥiẓ, considers the person as the subject of the effort to change the mizāj and evaluates this in two stages. For him, first of all, the person sinks herself into a mental effort. In this process, the person passes through the processes of remembrance, undertaking a task and suggestion. On this point, for abandoning the evilness and adopting the goodness in character, he underlines the importance of reason. Then, are these processes to change the mizāj for Jāḥiẓ are enough? Jāḥiẓ, invites the person to a second effort, accepting the person could feel hardship on the process, based on the analyses of observation and experiment. For this reason, getting a support from outside is proper for him. According to Jāḥiẓ, religion, education, being within the society and political authority are the factors affecting the change in the mizāj. Jāḥiẓ, brings forward views in an approach of taking away almost a general taboo within the society like “once a something always a something”. In an understandable and open wording, he conveys us the stance that the mizāj can change and its applicable within the daily life. In this study, the views of Jāḥiẓ, on the mizāj was evaluated in two stages, the temperament of the person was evaluated on the ground of the change of morality and was considered according to the contributions to the field of Kalam. (shrink)

Reviewed Work: The Leader's Two Bodies: Slavoj Žižek's Postmodern Political Theology by Claudia Breger.

On the way of life according to teachings of Islam according to Ahmadiyya sect..

A brief review of two-body Dirac and Kemmer-Duffin-Petiau approaches for the bound state problem of two fermions is presented from an algebraic point of view in a comparative manner. Reduction of the direct product of two Dirac spaces is discussed.

Os autores convidados se dispuseram a escrever a fronteira tensa onde se vislumbra o que não pode ser escrito e demonstraram o 'inacabamento' do saber e a opacidade de um objeto que ou se recusa a ser apropriado por categorias filosóficas anteriores a Freud, ou exige a reinvenção de seus contornos. Por isso, também, o livro encontra-se dividido em seções criadas a partir das contribuições dos autores. Os organizadores recusaram, intencionalmente, o caminho fácil de aceitar as áreas de saber tradicionalmente (...) definidas no campo da filosofia, tais como epistemologia, ética, estética etc., como naturalmente dadas. Preferiram agrupar os trabalhos em temas que revelam de que modo aparecem alguns pontos críticos na interface entre as duas áreas - o tempo e a contingência, a coisa e o objeto, o conhecimento e o avesso. (shrink)

The aim of the paper is to find out, whether in situation of several competitive concepts, when the traditional justification of morals and the validity of conventional moral concepts are questioned, an ethical theory acceptable for everybody is possible. Which should be the ground of such theory, uniting the particular ethical approaches? According to the author moral philosophy responding to contemporary developments should go back to the question from Plato’s Gorgias: „How should I live?“ This question is directly connected with (...) further questions: „What in life is really valuable?“; „What in life is worth following?“; „What actions and life objectives are valuable?“; „What is the best way of leaving our lifes?“ All these questions are closely connected with another one: „From what perspective can we judge the values of the prospective elements of life?“ Put in another words: „How can I know, how should I live?“ This conception draws strongly on William’s attempt at restoring the question „How should I live?“ as the first question of moral philosophy. (shrink)

Tak Chan presents a hypothetical case where a child affected by trisomy 18 was conceived using in vitro fertilisation , and where the parents requested parentage testing.1 Chan argues that doctors are morally obliged to accede to requests for genetic testing to determine parentage provided that carrying out the test results in a low risk of child abandonment.1Although we also support providing genetic testing to determine parentage in the particular case described by Tak Chan, we are concerned about the implications (...) and practicalities of the proposed ‘risk of abandonment’ test for other parentage determination requests. We offer different arguments for why the parents should be assisted in their request in this particular circumstance.Genetic testing to determine parentage is widely available on a direct-to-consumer basis in many jurisdictions including Australia, and the involvement of a medical practitioner is not necessary to access the test. As Tak Chan points out, ordinarily there are few, if any, medical reasons for determining parentage. In the circumstances where one can envisage a medical reason, for example, to clarify recurrence risk for a genetic disorder in future children, this is generally achievable through specific genetic testing, rather than parentage determination.1 Parentage determination has …. (shrink)

This paper is an investigation of definability hierarchies on effective topological spaces. An open subset U of an effective space X is definable iff there is a parameter free definition φ of U so that the atomic predicate symbols of φ are recursively open relations on X . The complexity of a definable open set may be identified with the quantifier complexity of its definition. For example, a set U is an ∃∃∀∃-set if it has an ∃∃∀∃ parameter free definition (...) using only recursively open predicate symbols. Since X is not equipped with a natural pairing apparatus such a U need not be an ∃∀∃-set. Let Σ denote the class of all ∃-sets, ∃∃-sets, ∃∃∃-sets etc. We show that an open set is in Σ iff it is equivalent modulo a nowhere dense set to a recursively enumerable open set . Thus Σ = e.r.e. Indeed we show the existence of a universal Σ -set as well as the existence of universal sets for higher levels of the definability hierarchy. (shrink)

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the well-being and mental health of populations worldwide. This study sought to examine whether religious coping mediated the relationship between COVID-19-related fear and death distress. We administered an online survey to 390 adult participants (66.15% females; Mage = 30.85 ± 10.19 years) across Turkey. Participants completed a series of questionnaires measuring the fear they had experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic, their levels of religious coping and their levels of death anxiety and depression. Our findings revealed (...) that (a) fear of COVID-19 was associated with positive religious coping, negative religious coping, death anxiety and death distress; (b) negative religious coping was associated with death anxiety and depression and (c) negative religious coping mediated the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and death anxiety and depression. These results highlight the detrimental effect of negative religious coping in increasing the adverse effect of the COVID-19 fear on death depression. (shrink)

Music is considered an indispensable feature for almost all religions. Christianity emerges as one of the most important religious traditions in which music is involved in rituals and social life. Among the Christian sects, there are different practices in terms of using music. American Christianity was the scene of religious awakening in the 18th and 19th centuries. One of the most important reflections of this process took place in the field of music. American Christianity has given particular importance to music (...) in the experience of religious awakening since the 18th and 19th centuries. At the end of the 19th century, traditional Christian hymns have largely been altered or abandoned. Baptist, Methodist, Lutheran and Pentecostal churches have played a role in the transformation and spread of Christian music. This process has emerged as new genre hymns and later as Gospel music. There are some similar and seperated points among the new music genres. The musical instruments which they use, melody structures, the places they are performed, their improvisation or rules and their poetic features are among these points. With the introduction of these two genres and some local cultural factors, music genres have emerged as secular in style but which may have religious content. Regardless of whether it is secular or religious music, these genres have used religious terminology in their lyrics. At the same time, there are some similarities at the point of the musicians who perform these music. Blouse and Jazz are considered as the two most prominent and international examples. (shrink)

Nazariyat, Journal for the History of Islamic Philosophy and Sciences, issued twice a year in English and Turkish (Nazariyat İslam Felsefe ve Bilim Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi), is a refereed international journal. It publishes original studies, critical editions of classical texts and book reviews on Islamic philosophy, kalām, theoretical aspects of Sufism and the history of sciences. The goal of Nazariyat is to contribute to the discovery, examination and reinterpretation of the theoretical traditions in the history of Islamic thought, by giving (...) special attention to the post-classical period of it. **ISSN: 2148-8088 E-ISBN: 2547-9415**. (shrink)

Автором рассматриваются различны типы правовой рефлексии в свете смены основных исследовательских парадигм. Для специалистов в области гуманитарного знания и читателей, интересующихся вопросами философии права и теоретического правоведения.

Исследование - это попытка выявить социокультурные основания, предпосылки и условия превращения человека традиционного восточного общества в современную личность. Для специалистов.